Sous la direction de :
Marc Jolin, directeur de recherche
Benoit Bissonnette, codirecteur de recherche
Modélisation de l’écoulement du béton frais
Abstract
현재의 기후 비상 사태와 기후 변화에 관한 다양한 과학적 보고서를 고려할 때 인간이 만든 오염을 대폭 줄이는 것은 필수적이며 심지어 중요합니다. 최신 IPCC(기후변화에 관한 정부 간 패널) 보고서(2022)는 2030년까지 배출량을 절반으로 줄여야 함을 나타내며, 지구 보존을 위해 즉각적인 조치를 취해야 한다고 강력히 강조합니다.
이러한 의미에서 콘크리트 생산 산업은 전체 인간 이산화탄소 배출량의 4~8%를 담당하고 있으므로 환경에 미치는 영향을 줄이기 위한 진화가 시급히 필요합니다.
본 연구의 주요 목적은 이미 사용 가능한 기술적 품질 관리 도구를 사용하여 생산을 최적화하고 혼합 시간을 단축하며 콘크리트 폐기물을 줄이기 위한 신뢰할 수 있고 활용 가능한 수치 모델을 개발함으로써 이러한 산업 전환에 참여하는 것입니다.
실제로, 혼합 트럭 내부의 신선한 콘크리트의 거동과 흐름 프로파일을 더 잘 이해할 수 있는 수치 시뮬레이션을 개발하면 혼합 시간과 비용을 더욱 최적화할 수 있으므로 매우 유망합니다. 이러한 복잡한 수치 도구를 활용할 수 있으려면 수치 시뮬레이션을 검증, 특성화 및 보정하기 위해 기본 신 콘크리트 흐름 모델의 구현이 필수적입니다.
이 논문에서는 세 가지 단순 유동 모델의 개발이 논의되고 얻은 결과는 신선한 콘크리트 유동의 수치적 거동을 검증하는 데 사용됩니다. 이러한 각 모델은 강점과 약점을 갖고 있으며, 신선한 콘크리트의 유변학과 유동 거동을 훨씬 더 잘 이해할 수 있는 수치 작업 환경을 만드는 데 기여합니다.
따라서 이 연구 프로젝트는 새로운 콘크리트 생산의 완전한 모델링을 위한 진정한 관문입니다.
In view of the current climate emergency and the various scientific reports on climate change, it is essential and even vital to drastically reduce man-made pollution. The latest IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report (2022) indicates that emissions must be halved by 2030 and strongly emphasizes the need to act immediately to preserve the planet. In this sense, the concrete production industry is responsible for 4-8% of total human carbon dioxide emissions and therefore urgently needs to evolve to reduce its environmental impact. The main objective of this study is to participate in this industrial transition by developing a reliable and exploitable numerical model to optimize the production, reduce mixing time and also reduce concrete waste by using technological quality control tools already available. Indeed, developing a numerical simulation allowing to better understand the behavior and flow profiles of fresh concrete inside a mixing-truck is extremely promising as it allows for further optimization of mixing times and costs. In order to be able to exploit such a complex numerical tool, the implementation of elementary fresh concrete flow models is essential to validate, characterize and calibrate the numerical simulations. In this thesis, the development of three simple flow models is discussed and the results obtained are used to validate the numerical behavior of fresh concrete flow. Each of these models has strengths and weaknesses and contributes to the creation of a numerical working environment that provides a much better understanding of the rheology and flow behavior of fresh concrete. This research project is therefore a real gateway to a full modelling of fresh concrete production.
Key words
fresh concrete, rheology, numerical simulation, mixer-truck, rheological probe.
Reference
Amziane, S., Ferraris, C. F., & Koehler, E. (2006). Feasibility of Using a Concrete
Mixing Truck as a Rheometer.
Anderson, J. D. (1991). Fundamentals of aerodynamics. McGraw-Hill.
Balmforth, N. J., Craster, R. V., & Sassi, R. (2002). Shallow viscoplastic flow on an
inclined plane. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 470, 1-29.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112002001660
Banfill, P., Beaupré, D., Chapdelaine, F., de Larrard, F., Domone, P., Nachbaur, L.,
Sedran, T., Wallevik, O., & Wallevik, J. E. (2000). Comparison of concrete
rheometers International tests at LCPC (Nantes, France) in October 2000. In
NIST.
Baracu T. (2012). Computational analysis of the flow around a cylinder and of the
drag force.
Barreto, D., & Leak, J. (2020). A guide to modeling the geotechnical behavior of soils
using the discrete element method. In Modeling in Geotechnical Engineering (p.
79-100). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821205-9.00016-2
Baudez, J. C., Chabot, F., & Coussot, P. (2002). Rheological interpretation of the
slump test. Applied Rheology, 12(3), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1515/arh-2002-
0008
Beaupre, D. (2012). Mixer-mounted probe measures concrete workability.
Berger, X. (2023). Proposition de recherche et préparation orale de doctorat (GCI8084).
Bergeron, P. (1953). Considérations sur les facteurs influençant l’usure due au
transport hydraulique de matériaux solides. Application plus particulière aux
machines. https://www.persee.fr/doc/jhydr_0000-0001_1953_act_2_1_3256
Bingham, E. (1922). Fluidity and Plasticity (Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007).
http://www.archive.org/details/fluidityplasticiOObinguoft
Bruschi, G., Nishioka, T., Tsang, K., & Wang, R. (2003). A comparison of analytical
methods drag coefficient of a cylinder.
Caceres, E. C. (2019). Impact de la rhéologie des matériaux cimentaires sur l’aspect
des parements et les procédés de mise en place. https://tel.archivesouvertes.fr/tel-01982159
Chanson, H., Jarny, ; S, & Coussot, P. (2006). Dam Break Wave of Thixotropic Fluid.
https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE0733-94292006132:3280
Chi, Z. P., Yang, H., Li, R., & Sun, Q. C. (2021). Measurements of unconfined fresh
concrete flow on a slope using spatial filtering velocimetry. Powder Technology,
393, 349-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.07.088
Cochard, S., & Ancey, C. (2009). Experimental investigation of the spreading of
viscoplastic fluids on inclined planes. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid
Mechanics, 158(1-3), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2008.08.007
Coussot, Philippe., & Ancey, C. (Christophe). (1999). Rhéophysique des pâtes et
des suspensions. EDP Sciences.
CSA Group. (2019). CSA A23.1:19 / CSA A23.2:19 : Concrete materials and
methods of concret construction / Test methods and standard practices for
concrete.
Daczko, J. A. (2000). A proposal for measuring rheology of production concrete.
De Larrard, F. (1999). Structures granulaires et formulation des bétons.
http://www.lcpc.fr/betonlabpro
De Larrard, F., Ferraris, C. F., & Sedran, T. (1998). Fresh concrete: A HerscheIBulkley material (Vol. 31).
Domone P.L.J., J. J. (1999). Properties of mortar for self-compacting concrete.
RILEM, 109-120.
El-Reedy, M. (2009). Advanced Materials and Techniques for Reinforced Concrete
Structures.
Emborg M. (1999). Rheology tests for self-compacting concrete – how useful are
they for the design of concrete mix for full-scale production.
Fall A. (2008). Rhéophysique des fluides complexes : Ecoulement et Blocage de
suspensions concentrées. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30515545
Ferraris, C. F., Brower, L. E., Beaupré, D., Chapdelaine, F., Domone, P., Koehler,
E., Shen, L., Sonebi, M., Struble, L., Tepke, D., Wallevik, O., & Wallevik, J. E.
(2003). Comparison of concrete rheometers: International tests at MB.
https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7154
Ferraris, C. F., & de Larrard, F. (1998a). Rhéologie du béton frais remanié III – L’essai
au cône d’Abrams modifié.
Ferraris, C. F., & de Larrard, F. (1998b, février). NISTIR 6094 Testing and modelling
of fresh concrete rheology. NISTIR 6094.
https://ciks.cbt.nist.gov/~garbocz/rheologyNISTIR/FR97html.htm
Fischedick, M., Roy, J., Abdel-Aziz, A., Acquaye Ghana, A., Allwood, J., Baiocchi,
G., Clift, R., Nenov, V., Yetano Roche Spain, M., Roy, J., Abdel-Aziz, A.,
Acquaye, A., Allwood, J. M., Ceron, J., Geng, Y., Kheshgi, H., Lanza, A.,
Perczyk, D., Price, L., … Minx, J. (2014). Climate Change 2014.
Fox R., & McDonald A. (2004). Introduction to fluid mechanics.
Franco Correa I.-D. (2019). Étude tribologique à hautes températures de matériaux
céramiques structurés à différentes échelles.
GIEC. (2022). Climate Change 2022 : Mitigation of Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch
Gouvernement du Canada. (2021, mai 31). Déclaration commune : L’industrie
canadienne du ciment et le gouvernement du Canada annoncent un partenariat.
https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/icgc.nsf/fra/07730.html
Grenier, M. (1998). Microstructure et résistance à l’usure de revêtements crées par
fusion laser avec gaz réactifs sur du titane.
Herschel, W. H., & Bulkley, R. (1926). Konsistenzmessungen von GummiBenzollösungen. Kolloid-Zeitschrift, 39(4), 291-300.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01432034
Hirt, C. W., & Nichols, B. D. (1981). Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics
of free boundaries. Journal of Computational Physics, 39(1), 201-225.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(81)90145-5
Hoornahad, H., & Koenders, E. A. B. (2012). Simulation of the slump test based on
the discrete element method (DEM). Advanced Materials Research, 446-449,
3766-3773. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.446-449.3766
Hu, C., de Larrard, F., Sedran, T., Boulay, C., Bosd, F., & Deflorenne, F. (1996).
Validation of BTRHEOM, the new rheometer for soft-to-fluid concrete. In
Materials and Structures/Mat~riaux et Constructions (Vol. 29).
Jeong, S. W., Locat, J., Leroueil, S., & Malet, J. P. (2007). Rheological properties of
fine-grained sediments in modeling submarine mass movements: The role of
texture. Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, 3rd
International Symposium, 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6512-
5_20
Kabagire, K. D. (2018). Modélisation expérimentale et analytique des propriétés
rhéologiques des bétons autoplaçants.
Katopodes, N. D. (2019). Volume of Fluid Method. In Free-Surface Flow (p.
766-802). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815485-4.00018-8
Khayat. (2008). Personnal Communication.
Kosmatka, S. (2011). Dosage et contrôle des mélanges de béton (8ème édition).
Li, H., Wu, A., & Cheng, H. (2022). Generalized models of slump and spread in
combination for higher precision in yield stress determination. Cement and
Concrete Research, 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106863
Massey, B., & Smith, J. (2012). Mechanics of fluids 9ème édition.
Mokéddem, S. (2014). Contrôle de la rhéologie d’un béton et de son évolution lors
du malaxage par des mesures en ligne à l’aide de la sonde Viscoprobe.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993153
Munson, B. R., & Young, D. R. (2006). Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics (5th éd.).
Munson, M., Young, M. , & Okiishi, M. (2020). Mécanique des fluides (8ème édition).
Murata, J., & Kikukawa, H. (1992). Viscosity Equation for Fresh Concrete.
Nakayama, Y., & Boucher, R. F. (2000). Introduction to fluid mechanics. ButterworthHeinemann.
Němeček, J. (2021). Numerical simulation of slump flow test of cement paste
composites. Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings, 30, 58-62.
https://doi.org/10.14311/APP.2021.30.0058
Nikitin, K. D., Olshanskii, M. A., Terekhov, K. M., & Vassilevski, Y. V. (2011). A
numerical method for the simulation of free surface flows of viscoplastic fluid in
3D. Journal of Computational Mathematics, 29(6), 605-622.
https://doi.org/10.4208/jcm.1109-m11si01
Noh, W. F., & Woodward, P. (1976). SLIC (Simple Line Interface Calculation).
Odabas, D. (2018). Effects of Load and Speed on Wear Rate of Abrasive Wear for
2014 Al Alloy. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,
295(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/295/1/012008
Pintaude, G. (s. d.). Characteristics of Abrasive Particles and Their Implications on
Wear. www.intechopen.com
Poullain, P. (2003). Étude comparative de l’écoulement d’un fluide viscoplastique
dans une maquette de malaxeur pour béton.
R. J. Cattolica. (2003). Experiment F2: Water Tunnel. In MAE171A/175A Mechanical
Engineering Laboratory Manual (Winter Quarter).
Raper, R. M. (1966). Drag force and pressure distribution on cylindrical
protuberances immersed in a turbulent channel flow.
RMCAO. (2013). CSA A23.2-5C: Concrete Basics Slump Test.
Roques, A., & School, H. (2006). High resolution seismic imaging applied to the
geometrical characterization of very high voltage electric pylons.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281566156
Roussel, N. (2006). Correlation between yield stress and slump: Comparison
between numerical simulations and concrete rheometers results. Materials and
Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, 39(4), 501-509.
https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-005-9035-2
Roussel, N., & Coussot, P. (2005). “Fifty-cent rheometer” for yield stress
measurements: From slump to spreading flow. Journal of Rheology, 49(3),
705-718. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.1879041
Roussel, N., Geiker, M. R., Dufour, F., Thrane, L. N., & Szabo, P. (2007).
Computational modeling of concrete flow: General overview. Cement and
Concrete Research, 37(9), 1298-1307.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.06.007
Schaer, N. (2019). Modélisation des écoulements à surface libre de fluides nonnewtoniens. https://theses.hal.science/tel-02166968
Schowalter, W. R., & Christensen, G. (1998). Toward a rationalization of the slump
test for fresh concrete: Comparisons of calculations and experiments. Journal
of Rheology, 42(4), 865-870. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550905
Sofiane Amziane, Chiara F. Ferraris, & Eric P. Koehler. (2005). Measurement of
Workability of Fresh Concrete Using a Mixing Truck. Journal of Research of the
National Institute of Standards Technology, 55-56.
Sooraj, P., Agrawal, A., & Sharma, A. (2018). Measurement of Drag Coefficient for
an Elliptical Cylinder. Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 5,
1-7. https://doi.org/10.47469/jees.2018.v05.100050
Stachowiak G. (2006). Wear – Materials, Mechanisms and Pratice.
Stachowiak G.W. (1993). Tribology Series (Vol. 24, p. 557-612). Elsevier.
Tattersall, G., & Banfill, P. F. G. (1983). The rheology of fresh concrete.
The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete Specification, Production
and Use « The European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete ». (2005).
www.efnarc.org
University College London. (2010). Pressure around a cylinder and cylinder drag.
Van Oudheusden, B. W., Scarano, F., Roosenboom, E. W. M., Casimiri, E. W. F., &
Souverein, L. J. (2007). Evaluation of integral forces and pressure fields from
planar velocimetry data for incompressible and compressible flows.
Experiments in Fluids, 43(2-3), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-007-
0261-y
Vasilic, K., Gram, A., & Wallevik, J. E. (2019). Numerical simulation of fresh concrete
flow: Insight and challenges. RILEM Technical Letters, 4, 57-66.
https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2019.92
Viccione, G., Ferlisi, S., & Marra, E. (2010). A numerical investigation of the
interaction between debris flows and defense barriers.
http://www.unisa.it/docenti/giacomoviccione/en/index
Wallevik J. (2006). Relation between the Bingham parameters and slump.
Wallevik, J. E. (2006). Relationship between the Bingham parameters and slump.
Cement and Concrete Research, 36(7), 1214-1221.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.001
Wallevik, J. E., & Wallevik, O. H. (2020). Concrete mixing truck as a rheometer.
Cement and Concrete Research, 127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105930