Figure 2. Ink fraction contours for mesh 1 through 4 (left to right) at the following four time steps: (a) 6 µs, (b) 12 µs, (c) 18 µs, and (d) 24 µs.

Coupled CFD-Response Surface Method (RSM) Methodology for Optimizing Jettability Operating Conditions

분사성 작동 조건을 최적화하기 위한 결합된 CFD-Response Surface Method(RSM)

Nuno Couto 1, Valter Silva 1,2,* , João Cardoso 2, Leo M. González-Gutiérrez 3 and Antonio Souto-Iglesias 41
INEGI-FEUP, Faculty of Engineering, Porto University, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
nunodiniscouto@hotmail.com
2 VALORIZA, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal; jps.cardoso@ipportalegre.pt
3 CEHINAV, DMFPA, ETSIN, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; leo.gonzalez@upm.es
4 CEHINAV, DACSON, ETSIN, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
antonio.souto@upm.es

  • Correspondence: valter.silva@ipportalegre.pt; Tel.: +351-245-301-592

소개

물방울 생성에 대한 이해는 여러 산업 응용 분야에서 매우 중요합니다 [ 1 ]. 잉크젯 프린팅 프로세스는 일반적으로 10 ~ 100 μm [ 1 ] 범위의 독특하고 작은 액적 크기를 특징으로 하며 연속적 또는 충동적 흐름을 사용하여 얻을 수 있습니다 (마지막 방식은 주문형 드롭 (DoD)이라고도 함). 잉크젯).

여러 장점 덕분에 DoD 방법은 산업 환경에서 상당한 수용을 얻고 있습니다 [ 2 ].DoD는 복잡한 프로세스이며 유체 속성, 노즐 형상 및 구동 파형 [ 1 , 3 ]의 세 가지 주요 범주로 분류되는 여러 매개 변수에 따라 달라집니다 .그러나 길이와 시간 척도가 모두 마이크로 오더 [ 4 ] 이기 때문에 실험을하기가 어렵습니다 .

결과적으로 실험 설정은 항상 비용이 많이 들고 복잡하며 CFD (전산 유체 역학)와 같은 고급 수치 접근 방식이 엄격한 요구 사항입니다 [ 5 , 6 ]. VOF (volume-of-fluid) 접근 방식은 액체 분해 및 액적 생성에 대한 다상 공정을 시뮬레이션하기위한 적절한 대안으로 밝혀졌으며 과거 연구에서 그대로 사용되었습니다 [ 7 , 8], 인쇄 프로세스의 맥락에서 전자는 여전히 현재 연구의 주제입니다. 

또한 VOF 체계를 사용하면 단일 운동량 방정식 세트를 해결하고 도메인 전체에 걸쳐 각 유체의 체적 분율을 추적하여 명확하게 정의된 인터페이스로 둘 이상의 혼합 불가능한 유체를 효과적으로 시뮬레이션 할 수 있습니다. Feng [ 9 ]는 VOF 접근 방식을 사용하여 일시적인 유체 인터페이스 변형 및 중단을 효과적으로 추적하는 패키지 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 낙하 배출 중 복잡한 유체 역학 프로세스를 시뮬레이션하는 선구자 작업 중 하나를 수행했습니다.

주요 목표는 볼륨 및 속도와 같은 민감한 변수를 더 잘 이해하면서 장치 개발에서 일반적인 설계 규칙을 구현하는 것이 었습니다. 이러한 종류의 공정과 관련된 주요 질문 중 하나는 안정적인 액적 형성을 위한 작동 범위의 정의입니다.

Fromm [ 10 ]은 Reynolds 수와 Weber 수의 제곱근 비율이 2보다 작으면 안정적인 방울을 생성 할 수 없다는 것을 확인했습니다. 이 무차원 값은 나중에 Z 번호로 알려졌으며 분사 가능성 범위 [ 11 ]를 정의합니다 . 문헌에서 분사 가능성을 위한 Z 간격은 1 ~ 10 [ 12 ], 4 ~ 14 [ 13 ] 또는 0.67 ~ 50 [ 14]을 찾을 수 있습니다. 

이것은 Z 값 만으로는 분사 가능성 조건을 나타낼 수 없음을 분명히 의미합니다. 실제로, 다른 속성을 가진 유체는 다른 인쇄 품질을 나타내면서 동일한 Z 값을 나타낼 수 있습니다. 액적 생성 공정과 해당 분사 성은 주로 전체 공정 품질에 큰 영향을 미치는 매개 변수 세트에 의해 결정됩니다. 

토대 메커니즘을 더 잘 이해하려면 확장 된 작동 조건 및 매개 변수 세트를 고려하여 여러 실험 또는 수치 실행을 수행해야 합니다. DoE (design-of-experiment) 접근 방식과 같은 체계적인 접근 방식이 없으면 이것은 달성하기 매우 어려운 작업이 될 수 있습니다. 최적화 문제를 해결하기 위해 반응 표면 방법을 사용하여 처음으로 체계화된 접근 방식이 개발된 Box and Wilson [ 15 ] 의 선구자 기사 이후 ,이 입증된 방법론은 많은 화학 및 산업 공정[ 16 ] 및 기타 관련 학계에 성공적으로 적용되었습니다.

예를 들어 Silva와 Rouboa [ 17 ]는 직접 메탄올 연료 전지의 출력 밀도에 영향을 미치는 관련 매개 변수를 식별하기 위해 반응 표면 방법론 (RSM)을 사용했습니다. 많은 실제 산업 응용 분야에서 실험 연구는 작동 매개 변수를 조절하기 어렵 기 때문에 제한적이지만 주로 설정을 개발하거나 실험을 실행하는 데 드는 비용이 높기 때문입니다. 

따라서 솔루션은 주요 시스템 응답을 시뮬레이션하고 예측할 수 있는 효과적인 수학적 모델의 개발에 의존합니다. DoE와 같은 최적화 방법론을 수치 모델과 결합하면 비용이 많이 들고 시간이 많이 걸리는 실험을 피하고 다양한 입력 조합을 사용하여 최적의 조건을 얻을 수 있습니다 [ 16 ]. 

실바와 루 보아 [ 18] CFD 프레임 워크 하에서 개발 된 2D Eulerian-Eulerian 바이오 매스 가스화 모델에서 얻은 결과를 RSM과 결합하여 다양한 응용 분야에서 합성 가스를 생성하기 위한 최적의 작동 조건을 찾습니다. 

저자는 입력 요인으로 인한 최상의 응답과 최소한의 변동을 모두 보장하는 작동 조건을 찾을 수 있었습니다. Frawley et al. [ 19 ] CFD 및 DoE 기술 (특히 RSM)을 결합하여 파이프의 팔꿈치에서 고체 입자 침식에 대한 다양한 주요 요인의 영향을 조사하여 침식 예측 모델을 개발할 수 있습니다.우리가 아는 한, DoD 잉크젯 프로세스의 개선 및 더 나은 이해에 적용되는 DoE 접근법 (실험적으로 또는 모든 종류의 수치 모델과 결합)을 구현하는 연구는 없습니다. 선도 기업이 이러한 접근 방식을 적용 할 가능성이 있지만 관련 결과는 민감할 수 있으므로 더 넓은 커뮤니티에서 사용할 수 없습니다. 이 사실은 DoD 잉크젯 공정에서 액적 생성에 대한 여러 매개 변수의 영향을 평가하기 위한 이러한 종류의 연구로서 현재 논문의 영향을 증가 시킬 수 있습니다.

CFD 프레임 워크 내에서 VOF 접근 방식을 사용하여 여러 컴퓨터 실험의 설계를 개발하고 RSM을 분석 도구로 사용했습니다. 충분한 수치 정확도와 수용 가능한 시간 계산 시뮬레이션의 균형을 맞추기 위해 메쉬 수렴 연구가 수행되었습니다. 설계 목적을 위해 점도, 표면 장력, 입구 속도 및 노즐 직경이 입력 요인으로 선택되었습니다. 응답은 break-up 시간과 break-up 길이였습니다.

Figure 1. Schematic of the computational domain
Figure 1. Schematic of the computational domain
Figure 2. Ink fraction contours for mesh 1 through 4 (left to right) at the following four time steps: (a) 6 µs, (b) 12 µs, (c) 18 µs, and (d) 24 µs.
Figure 2. Ink fraction contours for mesh 1 through 4 (left to right) at the following four time steps: (a) 6 µs, (b) 12 µs, (c) 18 µs, and (d) 24 µs.
Figure 3. Comparison between surface tensions at the following four time steps: (a) 6 µs, (b) 12 µs, (c) 18 µs, and (d) 24 µs
Figure 3. Comparison between surface tensions at the following four time steps: (a) 6 µs, (b) 12 µs, (c) 18 µs, and (d) 24 µs
Figure 4. Comparison between viscosity values at the following four time steps: (a) 6 μs, (b) 12 μs, (c) 18 μs, and (d) 24 μs.
Figure 4. Comparison between viscosity values at the following four time steps: (a) 6 μs, (b) 12 μs, (c) 18 μs, and (d) 24 μs.
Figure 5. Comparison between different nozzle diameters at the following four time steps: (a) 6 µs, (b) 12 µs, (c) 18 µs, and (d) 24 µs
Figure 5. Comparison between different nozzle diameters at the following four time steps: (a) 6 µs, (b) 12 µs, (c) 18 µs, and (d) 24 µs
Figure 6. Comparison between different inlet velocities at the following four time steps: (a) 6 µs, (b) 12 µs, (c) 18 µs, and (d) 24 µs
Figure 6. Comparison between different inlet velocities at the following four time steps: (a) 6 µs, (b) 12 µs, (c) 18 µs, and (d) 24 µs
Figure 8. Contour response plots for break-up time as a function of (a) surface tension and viscosity, (b) nozzle diameter and viscosity, (c) inlet velocity and viscosity, (d) nozzle diameter and surface tension, (e) inlet velocity and surface tension, and (f) inlet velocity and nozzle diameter.
Figure 8. Contour response plots for break-up time as a function of (a) surface tension and viscosity, (b) nozzle diameter and viscosity, (c) inlet velocity and viscosity, (d) nozzle diameter and surface tension, (e) inlet velocity and surface tension, and (f) inlet velocity and nozzle diameter.
Figure 12. Break-up length as a function of the We–Ca space (obtained from the 25 runs).
Figure 12. Break-up length as a function of the We–Ca space (obtained from the 25 runs).

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FIG. 2. Sequence of images showing capillary-driven neck evolution and droplet formation for low-viscosity fluids

Computational analysis of self-similar capillary-driven thinning and pinch-off dynamics during dripping using the volume-of-fluid method

낙하 형성 및 분리는 표면 장력 구동 흐름으로 인해 가늘어지는 유체 목의 형성을 포함하여 큰 위상 변화를 수반하며, 목의 pinch-off에서 Laplace pressure와 같은 속성은 유한한 시간 특이성을 나타냅니다. 드롭 형성 중에 발생하는 큰 위상 변형과 비선형성을 정확하게 시뮬레이션하는 것은 일반적으로 pinch-off 순간에 가까운 작은 특징을 해결하기 위해서는 고해상도 및 정확도가 필요하기 때문에 수치 시뮬레이션이 계산적으로 요구됩니다.

필요한 질량 및 계산 시간을 보존하고 인터페이스를 추적하는 데 내재된 이점에도 불구하고, 초기 실무자들이 물 점도가 10배 이상인 유체에 대한 수렴 문제를 보고했기 때문에 낙하 형성 연구에 VOF(Volume-of-fluid) 방법을 활용하는 연구는 거의 없습니다.

이 기여에서, 우리는 FLOW-3D에 구현된 VOF 방법을 사용하여 물 점도보다 4배 더 높은 점도 값을 포함하여 뉴턴 유체에 대한 드리프트의 원형 자유 표면 흐름을 시뮬레이션합니다. 우리는 이 연구의 일부로 수행된 실험에 대해 시뮬레이션된 목 모양, 목 진화 속도 및 헤어짐 길이를 벤치마킹합니다.

핀치오프 역학은 관성, 점성 및 모세관 응력의 복잡한 상호 작용에 의해 결정되며, 여기서 실험과 시뮬레이션 모두에서 대조되는 자기 유사 스케일링 법칙은 종종 역학에 대해 설명합니다. 우리는 시뮬레이션된 반지름 진화 프로파일이 축 대칭 흐름에 대한 뉴턴 유체에 대해 실험적으로 관찰되고 이론적으로 예측되는 핀치오프 역학과 일치함을 보여준다. 또한, 우리는 가는 목 안에서 법칙, 속도 및 변형 필드의 스케일링에 대한 사전 요인을 결정하고, 우리는 실험과 비교할 수 있는 중단 시간과 길이뿐만 아니라 사전 요인을 VOF 방법을 사용하여 시뮬레이션할 수 있음을 보여줍니다.

experimental setup, as shown schematically in Fig. 1(a), includes a dispensing system
experimental setup, as shown schematically in Fig. 1(a), includes a dispensing system
 A numerical simulation of drop formation from a cylindrical nozzle at a constant flow rate is performed. (c) Graphical representation of the VOF approach
A numerical simulation of drop formation from a cylindrical nozzle at a constant flow rate is performed. (c) Graphical representation of the VOF approach
FIG. 2. Sequence of images showing capillary-driven neck evolution and droplet formation for low-viscosity fluids
FIG. 2. Sequence of images showing capillary-driven neck evolution and droplet formation for low-viscosity fluids. (a) A sequence of simulated images of water (0 wt. % glycerol) shows neck formation and subsequent thinning and pinch-off dynamics including the formation of the satellite drop. (b) A sequence of images shows neck radius evolution and drop detachment for the low viscosity fluid composed of 50 wt. % glycerol in water. The time step between images is 500 µs, and the scale bar represents a length of 1 mm for the two cases shown. The color bar shows the velocity field in units of cm/s. The addition of glycerol seems to exercise a relatively minor influence on pinch-off dynamics despite a five-fold increase in viscosity.
FIG. 3. Computed evolution of the minimum radius of the water neck during the drop formation and detachment process
FIG. 3. Computed evolution of the minimum radius of the water neck during the drop formation and detachment process. The instantaneous neck radius of water and the inertio-capillary fit are shown. The inset shows a self-similar nature of neck thinning dynamics close to a pinch-off moment. The characteristic cone angle of 18.1◦ as predicted by Day et al.50 and visualized in experiments52 is captured well using the VOF method.
FIG. 5. Glycerol thinning image sequence and break-up length visualization for three cases
FIG. 5. Glycerol thinning image sequence and break-up length visualization for three cases. (a) Glycerol thinning is shown through a sequence of snapshots with a time step ∆t = 5 ms and reveals quite different dynamics compared to previously seen for low viscosity fluids. The length of a filament changes significantly when the glycerol content increases above 70 wt. %. (b) Final lengths of the simulated liquid filaments before pinch-off for three cases of glycerol + water mixtures (0 wt. %, 70 wt. %, and 100 wt. %).
FIG. 8. Comparison of experiments and simulations for the case of a drop formation for 80 wt. % glycerol and water mixture
FIG. 8. Comparison of experiments and simulations for the case of a drop formation for 80 wt. % glycerol and water mixture. (a) A set of images obtained from experiments (upper row) and simulations (bottom row) with a time step of 1 ms show good agreement. The simulated drop profiles shown in the bottom row are colored by the velocity magnitude [ranging from 0 (dark blue) to 100 cm/s (red) and colored online], and velocity vectors are shown in the images. (b) Radius evolution with time of liquid filament formed during the drop formation process is shown on a log-log plot for the two cases.

Precision Droplet Creation

Precision Droplet Creation

신속하고 반복적이며 정밀한 액적 생성 및 증착, 작은 피처의 인쇄 또는 패턴 화 (예 : l = 10-3-1 mm), 분무를 통해 제어되고 균일 한 두께로 박막을 형성하는 것이 매우 중요합니다.

다양한 이전 및 새로운 산업 응용 프로그램 (1-5). 액체 이동 및 액적 형성 / 증착 공정에는 복잡한 자유 표면 흐름과 자발적인 모세관 구동 불안정, 얇아 짐 및 핀치 오프 (1-5)를 겪는 원주 형 목의 형성이 포함됩니다. 단순한 뉴턴 유체 및 비탄성 유체에 대한 액적 형성 및 액체 전달을 분석하기위한 실험적, 이론적 및 1 차원 시뮬레이션 연구를 사용하여 이루어진 진전에도 불구하고 인쇄 및 스프레이에 대한 기계적 이해는 여전히 어려운 과제입니다.

현재 계산 노력의 주요 동기는 FLOW-3D에 포함 된 VOF (체적-유체) 접근 방식을 사용하여 뉴턴 유체의 핀치 오프 역학에 대한 기계 론적 이해를 얻을 수있는 가능성을 조사하는 것입니다. 우리는 계산 분석이 자기 유사 모세관 얇아 짐 및 핀치 오프 역학을 결정하는 모세관, 관성 및 점성 응력의 복잡한 상호 작용을 포착 함을 보여줍니다. 뉴턴 유체의 낙하 형성 및 분리를 위해, 우리는 이론 및 1D 시뮬레이션 (1-7)뿐만 아니라 실험 (1, 1)에서 예상되는 범용 스케일링 법칙을 사용하여 계산 분석에서 얻은 자기 유사 목 진화를 설명 할 수 있음을 보여줍니다.

2, 8-12). 이러한 프로토 타입 흐름을 시뮬레이션하는 데있어 우리의 성공은 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 유한 시간 특이점, 위성 낙하 형성 및 더 복잡한 형상의 인쇄 가능성에 대한 신중한 계산 분석을 위해 필요한 단계이며 설명이나 연구가 훨씬 더 어렵습니다. 1D 모델과 실험을 사용합니다.

Courtesy of University of Illinois at Chicago

Read the Computational Analysis of Drop Formation and Detachment case study.

Micro/Bio/Nano Fluidics

Micro/Bio/Nano Fluidics

기계적, 유체적, 광학적 및 전자적 기능을 매우 작은 패키지에 통합한 현대적인 마이크로 유체 장치는 비용, 규모 및 대규모 시스템에 직접 통합하는 능력 면에서 기존 장치에 비해 중요한 장점을 가지고 있다. 3D모델링 및 시각화는 풍부한 기능을 제공하는 효율적인 도구이다. Ivy분석을 통해 연구 시간, 설계 및 생산 비용을 크게 절감할 수 있습니다. 마이크로, 바이오 및 나노 유체 역학은 FLOW-3D의 자유 표면 및 다중 유체 모델링 기능으로 쉽고 정확하게 시뮬레이션할 수 있습니다. 이 섹션의 시뮬레이션을 통해 보다 잘 이해할 수 있는 다양한 애플리케이션과 프로세스를 살펴보시기 바랍니다.

FLOW-3D는 시각적 관찰과 양호한 정량적 추세 예측을 바탕으로 우수한 정성적 합의를 제공했습니다. 마찬가지로 중요한 것은 소프트웨어가 설계 민감도를 정확하게 예측한다는 점이다. 그 결과, FLOW-3D는 Kodak의 고급 연구 개발 작업을 지원하는 데 유용한 통찰력을 제공했습니다.

FLOW-3D는 시각적 관찰과 양호한 정량적 추세 예측을 바탕으로 우수한 정성적 합의를 제공했습니다. 마찬가지로 중요한 것은 소프트웨어가 설계 민감도를 정확하게 예측한다는 점이다. 그 결과, FLOW-3D는 Kodak의 고급 연구 개발 작업을 지원하는 데 유용한 통찰력을 제공했습니다.

Christopher Delametter, Senior Research Scientist, Eastman Kodak Company

Acoustophoresis
Acoustophoresis
Microfluidics palette
Cell Behavior
Microfluidics particle sorting using hydrodynamics
Continuous Flow Microfluidics
Digital microfluidics
Digital Microfluidics
Droplet based microfluidics
Droplet Based Microfluidics
Optofluidics
Optofluidics
Phase change
Phase Change

Customer Case Studies

육안으로 볼 수 있는 것보다 더 작은 도전은 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 미세 유체 소자 응용 프로그램을 모델링하는 고객들이 매일 직면하는 과제입니다. FLOW-3D를 통해 이러한 엔지니어와 과학자들은 실험실에서 복제할 수 없는 것을 모델링하고, 생명을 구하는 의료 기기를 검증하고, 잉크젯 형성을 연구하며, 경우에 따라 육안 모델을 제작할 수 있습니다. 때로는 가장 작은 문제가 가장 큰 문제이기도 하지만, FLOW-3D가 도움이 될 수 있습니다.

CFD analysis of stem cell culture
Advances in Nanotechnology
Computational analysis drop formation low viscosity
Computational Analysis of Drop Formation and Detachment
Inkjet formations simulations
Inkjet Printhead Performance
Thermal bubble model
Kodak Develops New Printhead Design in 1/3rd the Time
Photonic switching platform
Microscopic Bubbles Switch Fiber-Optic Circuits
Blood volumetric fraction
Optimization of Magnetic Blood Cleansing Microdevices

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Computational Analysis of Drop Formation and Detachment

Computational Analysis of Drop Formation and Detachment

Introduction and Problem Statement

신속, 반복, 작은 물방울의 생성 및 증착, 작은 형상의 프린팅 또는 패터닝 (예 : l = 10-3-1 mm), 스프레이로  균일한 두께의 박막 형성은 다양한 산업에 매우 중요합니다(1-5). 액체 이동과 액적 형성 / 증착 공정은 복잡한 자유 표면 흐름, 자연적인 모세관운동 형성, thinning, pinch-off를 수반한다 (1-5). 단순한 뉴턴 및 비탄성 유체에 대해 액적 생성 및 액적 이동을 분석하기위한 실험적, 이론적 및 1 차원 시뮬레이션 연구가 진행되었지만 프린팅 또는 패터닝에 대한 기계론적인 이해는 여전히 과제로 남아 있습니다. 현재의 계산에 대한 주된 목표는 뉴턴 유체의 pinch-off에 대한 기계론적 이해를 얻기 위해 FLOW-3D에 내장된 VOF(volume-of-fluid) 접근법으로 시험하는 것입니다. 전산해석은 모세관, 관성, 점성 응력의 복잡한 상호 작용을 포착하여 자기유사 모세관의 thinning and pinch-off를 결정합니다. 뉴턴 유체의 물방울 형성 ​​및 분리현상은  전산해석으로부터 얻어진 자기유사 모세관현상 이론, 보편적인 축소화 기법인 1D 시뮬레이션 (1-7)과 실험 (1, 2, 8-12)을 이용하여 설명될 수 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 우리가 진행한 원형흐름 시뮬레이션은 유한한 시간의 비선형 역학, 위성 낙하현상, 복잡한 형상의 프린팅과 같이 어려운 전산해석의 기반이 될 것 입니다.

방울 형성의 전산 분석
그림 1 : FLOW-3D를 사용하여 시뮬레이션 한 저점도 유체의 드롭 형성 및 분리에 대한 전산해석 : (a) 5개의 저점도 유체에 대한 물방울의 necking에 대한 반경이 시간변화에 따라 표시됩니다. 물방울 necking의 반지름이 오른쪽에서 왼쪽으로 시간에 따른 전개를 보여줍니다. 마찬가지로 스냅 샷은 necking의 반경이 오른쪽에서 왼쪽으로 줄어듭니다. 속도의 크기 (단위 : cm/s) 와 화살표의 방향에 대한 컬러 맵을 사용하면 변형장을 결정할 수 있으며 Fluid 5 (표 1 참조)의 경우에는 순식간에 신장이됩니다. 이미지 II에 캡처 된 pinch-off 하기 전에 형성된 원추형 necking은 실험을 통해 얻은 necking 모양과 유사합니다.

Modeling Approach and Parameter Space

표면 장력 및 중력 모델을 적용한 FLOW-3D 에서 균일한 메쉬 크기를 사용하여 노즐에서 드롭 형성 및 분리에 대한 시뮬레이션을 수행하였습니다. 유한 체적의 유체를 떨어뜨리거나 분리하는 일은 물방울의 성장과 드롭, 노즐에 연결되는 모세관 현상, 관성, 점도 및 중력에 대한 상호 작용을 수반합니다. 시뮬레이션에서 스테인레스 강 노즐 ( {{D} _ {0}} = 2 {{R} _ {0}} = 1.7 \, \ text {mm}) 에서 유한 체적의 뉴턴 유체가 발생합니다. 표면 장력이 중력을 겪으면 새로 형성된 액적 분리가 발생합니다 (mg> 2 \ pi \ sigma {{R} _ {0}}). 시뮬레이션은 유체점도의 영향을 설명하기 위해 두 그룹으로 나누어져 있습니다: 저점도 유체 (글리세롤 함량이 40 % 미만인 물과 글리세롤/물 혼합물) 및 점도가 높은 유체 (예 : 글리세롤과 글리세롤/물 혼합물 점도 > 100x 물 점도). 두 그룹의 유체 특성은 각각 표 1과 2에 나와 있습니다.

계산 분석 드롭 형성 저점도

그림 2 : FLOW-3D를 사용하여 시뮬레이션 한 저점도 유체의 드롭형성 및 분리에 대한 전산 해석 : 반경 플롯에서 4개의 고점도 뉴톤유체에 대해 necking 반경을 시간변화에 따라 표시합니다. 낙하 분리 중 모세관 현상이 스냅 샷으로 표시됩니다. 컬러 맵은 Fluid 8의 속도 크기 (단위 : cm/s)의 변화를 포착합니다 (표2 참조). 화살표는 성장하는 물방울과 얇아지는 물방울내에서 흐름방향을 나타냅니다. FLOW-3D 시뮬레이션으로 얻은 necking 모양은 고점도의 뉴턴유체에 대한 특징인 원통형 유체요소로 이어집니다.

 

<표 1 : FLOW-3D를 사용하여 시뮬레이션 된 저점도 유체의 특성>
Fluid PropertyFluid 1Fluid 2Fluid 3Fluid 4Fluid 5
Viscosity [Pa · s]0.050.020.010.00750.005
Surface Tension  [mN / m]6868686868
Density [g / cm 3 ]11111
Ohnesorge Number0.210.080.040.030.021
 저점도 유체 (표 1의 유체 2) 가 노즐에서 떨어지는 것을 시뮬레이션 합니다. 색상변수는 속도크기 (단위 : cm / s)이며 속도벡터가 표시됩니다.

 

<표 2 : FLOW-3D를 사용하여 시뮬레이션 된 고점도 유체의 특성>
Fluid PropertyFluid 6Fluid 7Fluid 8Fluid 9
Viscosity [Pa · s]1.50.80.50.25
Surface Tension  [mN / m ]68686868
Density [g / cm 3 ]1111
Ohnesorge Number6.243.332.081.04

고점도 유체 (표 2의 유체 8) 가 노즐에서 떨어지는 것을 시뮬레이션 합니다. 색상변수는 속도크기 (단위 : cm / s) 이며 속도 벡터가 표시됩니다.

Discussion of the Simulation Results

드롭 형성 및 분리는 표1과 표2에 열거 된 유체에 대해 FLOW-3D 를 사용하여 시뮬레이션 하였고, 시간 경과에 따른 necking 모양, 반경을 분석하였습니다. 물방울의 necking 모양과 저점도에서의 necking에 대한 역학(그림 1 참조)은 실험, 흐름 이론, 1D 시뮬레이션, 자기유사 관성에 대한 모세현상의 특성을 나타냅니다 (1, 2, 6, 7, 13) :

(1)  \ displaystyle \ frac {{R (t)}} {{{{R} _ {0}}}} \ approx 0.8 R {{{{왼쪽} {R} {0} 3}}} 오른쪽}) ^ {{{{frac {1} {3}}} {{왼쪽 {{{{왼쪽}}} {2} {3}}}}

여기서 R (t)가  necking의 순간 반경이고, R0는 노즐의 외부반경이며,  \ displaystyle \ sigma 는 표면 장력,  \ displaystyle \ rho 는 유체의 밀도 tC 는 pinch-off 시간이다. 마찬가지로, 이러한 더 높은 점도의 뉴턴유체에 대한 반경 변화데이터는 시간에 따른 반경의 감소를 나타내는 것이며,  Papageorgiou’s visco-capillary scaling (8, 9)은 아래의 식으로 표현된다.

(2)  \ {0 \} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} { } ({{t} _ {p}} - t)

모세관 속도(표면 장력과 점도의 비)의 측정 값은 McKinley와 Tripathi (8)에 의해 Capillary Break-Up Extensional Rheometer (CaBER)라고 불리는 상업적으로 이용 가능한 장비를 사용하여 얻은 값과 모세관 속도는 공칭 표면 장력과 점도를 사용하여 계산됩니다.

FLOW-3D 는 물방울의 necking부분을 속도 벡터로 시각화하여 유체의 흐름을 나타낼 수 있습니다. 또한, 이는 그림 1과 같이 전단, 확장을 겪은 후 얇아지는 물방울이 흐르는 과정의 순간을 결정할 수 있는 가능성을 줍니다. 추가로, 낮은 점도의 뉴턴유체는 높은 점도의 뉴턴 유체에 비해 질적으로 다른 거동을 보여준다(그림 2참조). 낮은 점도의 뉴턴 유체에 대한 necking 프로파일은 이론(6,13)에 따라 자기 유사성이 됩니다.

Conclusions, Outlook and Ongoing work

우리의 예비결과는 FLOW-3D 기반의 전산해석이 액적 형성과 탈착의 기초가 되는 프로토타입의 자유 표면흐름을 시뮬레이션하는데 사용될 수 있음을 보여줍니다 . 시뮬레이션된 반경변화 프로파일이 실험적으로 관찰된 높은 유체 및 이론적으로 예측된 유체인 스케일링 법칙 및 pinch-off dynamics과 일치하는 것을 발견하였습니다.

자주 사용되는 1D 또는 2D 모델과 달리 FLOW-3D 는 기본 응력 및 확장 유동장 (균일도 및 크기)의 강도와 얇은 액체 필라멘트 내 흐름에 대한 시각화를 나타낼 수 있습니다(그림1과 2 참조). 확장 유동장과 연관된 흐름 방향 속도 구배는 모세관현상이 나타나는 물방울의 얇은 부분 내에서 발생합니다. 유동학적으로 복잡한 유체에서 non Newtonian shear 및 신장, 점도뿐만 아니라 그외의 탄성 응력이 nonlinear pinch-off dynamics을 급격하게 변화시킵니다(2, 10-12). 우리는 현재 점탄성과 non-Newtonian 유동학을 사용하여 FLow-3D에 복합 유체의 처리 성능평가를 위한 강력한 연산 프로토콜을 개발하고 있습니다.

References

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  2. G. H. McKinley, Visco-elasto-capillary thinning and break-up of complex fluids. Rheology Reviews, 1-48 (2005).
  3. B. Derby, Inkjet Printing of Functional and Structural Materials: Fluid Property Requirements, Feature Stability, and Resolution. Annual Review of Materials Research 40, 395-414 (2010).
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  5. S. Kumar, Liquid Transfer in Printing Processes: Liquid Bridges with Moving Contact Lines. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 47, 67-94 (2014).
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  10. J. Dinic, L. N. Jimenez, V. Sharma, Pinch-off dynamics and dripping-onto-substrate (DoS) rheometry of complex fluids. Lab on a Chip 17, 460-473 (2017).
  11. J. Dinic, Y. Zhang, L. N. Jimenez, V. Sharma, Extensional Relaxation Times of Dilute, Aqueous Polymer Solutions. ACS Macro Letters 4, 804-808 (2015).
  12. V. Sharma et al., The rheology of aqueous solutions of Ethyl Hydroxy-Ethyl Cellulose (EHEC) and its hydrophobically modified Analogue (hmEHEC): Extensional flow response in capillary break-up, jetting (ROJER) and in a cross-slot extensional rheometer. Soft Matter 11, 3251-3270 (2015).
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Microfluidics Bibliography

Microfluidics Bibliography

다음은 Microfluidics Bibliography의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D  결과를 특징으로  합니다. 미세 유체 공정 및 장치 를 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하기 위해 FLOW-3D 를 사용 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오  .

2024년 8월 12일 Update

22-24   Bin-Jie Lai, Li-Tao Zhu, Zhe Chen, Bo Ouyang, Zheng-Hong Luo, Review on blood flow dynamics in lab-on-a-chip systems: an engineering perspective, Chem & Bio Engineering, 1.1; pp. 26-43, 2024. doi.org/10.1021/cbe.3c00014

196-23 Daicong Zhang, Chunhui Jing, Wei Guo, Yuan Xiao, Jun Luo, Lehua Qi, Microchannels formed using metal microdroplets, Micromachines, 14.10; 1922, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/mi14101922

121-23 Feng Lin Ng, Zhanhong Cen, Yi-Chin Toh, Lay Poh Tan, A 3D-printed micro-perfused culture device with embedded 3D fibrous scaffold for enhanced biomimicry, International Journal of Bioprinting, 2023. doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0226

104-23 Cristina González-Fernández, Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Eugenio Bringas, Inmaculada Ortiz, Computer-aided design of magnetophoretic microfluidic systems for enhanced recovery of target products, 33rd European Symposium on Computer-Aided Engineering (ESCAPE), 2023.

64-23   Tihomir Tjankov, Dimitar Trifonov, Conceptual design and 3D modeling of a microfluidic device for liver cells investigation, Industry 4.0, 8.2; pp. 39-41, 2023.

34-23   Chao Kang, Ikki Ikeda, Motoki Sakaguchi, Recoil and solidification of a paraffin droplet impacted on a metal substrate: Numerical study and experimental verification, Journal of Fluids and Structures, 118; 103839, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2023.103839

64-22   Babatunde Aramide, Computational modelling of electrohydrodynamic jetting (Taylor cone formation, dripping & jet evolution): Case study of electrospinning, Thesis, University College London, 2022.

42-22   Islam Hassan, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, Microfluidic printheads for highly switchable multimaterial 3D printing of soft materials, Advanced Materials Technologies, 2101709, 2022. doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101709

138-21   Enver Guler, Mine Eti, Aydin Cihanoglu, Esra Altiok, Kadriye Ozlem Hamaloglu, Burcu Gokcal, Ali Tuncel, Nalan Kabay, Ion exchange membranes with enhanced antifouling properties to produce energy from renewable sources, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Green and Smart Technologies for a Sustainable Society, Santander, Cantabria, Spain, December 9-10, 2021.

45-21   Navid Tonekaboni, Mahdi Feizbahr, Nima Tonekaboni, Guang-Jun Jiang, Hong-Xia Chen, Optimization of solar CCHP systems with collector enhanced by porous media and nanofluid, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021; 9984940, 2021. doi.org/10.1155/2021/9984840

40-21   B. Hayes, G.L. Whiting, R. MacCurdy, Modeling of contactless bubble–bubble interactions in microchannels with integrated inertial pumps, Physics of Fluids, 33.4; 042002, 2021. doi.org/10.1063/5.0041924

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Microfluidics Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate microfluidic processes and devices.

14-21   Jian-Chiun Liou, Chih-Wei Peng, Philippe Basset, Zhen-Xi Chen, DNA printing integrated multiplexer driver microelectronic mechanical system head (IDMH) and microfluidic flow estimation, Micromachines, 12.1; 25, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/mi12010025

08-20   Li Yong-Qiang, Dong Jun-Yan and Rui Wei, Numerical simulation for capillary driven flow in capsule-type vane tank with clearances under microgravity, Microgravity Science and Technology, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s12217-019-09773-z

89-19   Tim Dreckmann, Julien Boeuf, Imke-Sonja Ludwig, Jorg Lumkemann, and Jorg Huwyler, Low volume aseptic filling: impact of pump systems on shear stress, European Journal of Pharmeceutics and Biopharmeceutics, in press, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.006

88-19   V. Amiri Roodan, J. Gomez-Pastora, C. Gonzalez-Fernandez, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani, and I. Ortiz, CFD analysis of the generation and manipulation of ferrofluid droplets, TechConnect Briefs, pp. 182-185, 2019. TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Boston, Massachussetts, USA, June 17-19, 2019.

55-19     Julio Aleman, Sunil K. George, Samuel Herberg, Mahesh Devarasetty, Christopher D. Porada, Aleksander Skardal, and Graça Almeida‐Porada, Deconstructed microfluidic bone marrow on‐a‐chip to study normal and malignant hemopoietic cell–niche interactions, Small, 2019. doi: 10.1002/smll.201902971

37-19     Feng Lin Ng, Miniaturized 3D fibrous scaffold on stereolithography-printed microfluidic perfusion culture, Doctoral Thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 2019.

32-19     Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Ioannis H. Karampelas, Eugenio Bringas, Edward P. Furlani, and Inmaculada Ortiz, Numerical analysis of bead magnetophoresis from flowing blood in a continuous-flow microchannel: Implications to the bead-fluid interactions, Nature: Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 7265, 2019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43827-x

01-19  Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Computational analysis of self-similar capillary-driven thinning and pinch-off dynamics during dripping using the volume-of-fluid method, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 31, 2019. doi: 10.1063/1.5061715

75-18   Tobias Ladner, Sebastian Odenwald, Kevin Kerls, Gerald Zieres, Adeline Boillon and Julien Bœuf, CFD supported investigation of shear induced by bottom-mounted magnetic stirrer in monoclonal antibody formulation, Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 35, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2492-4

53-18   Venoos Amiri Roodan, Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Aditi Verma, Eugenio Bringas, Inmaculada Ortiz and Edward P. Furlani, Computational analysis of magnetic droplet generation and manipulation in microfluidic devices, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer, Niagara Falls, Canada, June 7 – 9, 2018; Paper no. 154, 2018.  doi: 10.11159/ffhmt18.154

35-18   Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Cristina González Fernández, Marcos Fallanza, Eugenio Bringas and Inmaculada Ortiz, Flow patterns and mass transfer performance of miscible liquid-liquid flows in various microchannels: Numerical and experimental studies, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 344, pp. 487-497, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.110

16-18   P. Schneider, V. Sukhotskiy, T. Siskar, L. Christie and I.H. Karampelas, Additive Manufacturing of Microfluidic Components via Wax Extrusion, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 162 – 165, 2018.

15-18   J. Gómez-Pastora, I.H. Karampelas, A.Q. Alorabi, M.D. Tarn, E. Bringas, A. Iles, V.N. Paunov, N. Pamme, E.P. Furlani, I. Ortiz, CFD analysis and experimental validation of magnetic droplet generation and deflection across multilaminar flow streams, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 182-185, 2018.

14-18   J. Gómez-Pastora, C. González-Fernández, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani, and I. Ortiz, Design of Magnetic Blood Cleansing Microdevices through Experimentally Validated CFD Modeling, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 170-173, 2018.

10-18   A. Gupta, I.H. Karampelas, J. Kitting, Numerical modeling of the formation of dynamically configurable L2 lens in a microchannel, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, Vol. 3, pp. 186 – 189, 2018.

17-17   I.H. Karampelas, J. Gómez-Pastora, M.J. Cowan, E. Bringas, I. Ortiz and E.P. Furlani, Numerical Analysis of Acoustophoretic Discrete Particle Focusing in Microchannels, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 3

16-17   J. Gómez-Pastora, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani and I. Ortiz, CFD analysis of particle magnetophoresis in multiphase continuous-flow bioseparators, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 3

15-17   I.H. Karampelas, S. Vader, Z. Vader, V. Sukhotskiy, A. Verma, G. Garg, M. Tong and E.P. Furlani, Drop-on-Demand 3D Metal Printing, Informatics, Electronics and Microsystems TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 4

102-16   J. Brindha, RA.G. Privita Edwina, P.K. Rajesh and P.Rani, “Influence of rheological properties of protein bio-inks on printability: A simulation and validation study,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 3, no.10, pp. 3285-3295, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.10.010

99-16   Ioannis H. Karampelas, Kai Liu, Fatema Alali, and Edward P. Furlani, Plasmonic Nanoframes for Photothermal Energy Conversion, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016, 120 (13), pp 7256–7264

98-16   Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Drop formation, pinch-off dynamics and liquid transfer of simple and complex fluidshttp://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2016.MAR.B53.12, APS March Meeting 2016, Volume 61, Number 2, March 14–18, 2016, Baltimore, Maryland

67-16  Vahid Bazargan and Boris Stoeber, Effect of substrate conductivity on the evaporation of small sessile droplets, PHYSICAL REVIEW E 94, 033103 (2016), doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.94.033103

57-16   Ioannis Karampelas, Computational analysis of pulsed-laser plasmon-enhanced photothermal energy conversion and nanobubble generation in the nanoscale, PhD Dissertation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, July 2016

44-16   Takeshi Sawada et al., Prognostic impact of circulating tumor cell detected using a novel fluidic cell microarray chip system in patients with breast cancer, EBioMedicine, Available online 27 July 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.027.

39-16   Chien-Hsun Wang, Ho-Lin Tsai, Yu-Che Wu and Weng-Sing Hwang, Investigation of molten metal droplet deposition and solidification for 3D printing techniques, IOP Publishing, J. Micromech. Microeng. 26 (2016) 095012 (14pp), doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/9/095012, July 8, 2016

30-16   Ioannis H. Karampelas, Kai Liu and Edward P. Furlani, Plasmonic Nanocages as Photothermal Transducers for Nanobubble Cancer Therapy, Nanotech 2016 Conference & Expo, May 22-25, Washington, DC.

29-16   Scott Vader, Zachary Vader, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Edward P. Furlani, Advances in Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing, Nanotech 2016 Conference & Expo, May 22-25, Washington, DC.

02-16  Stephen D. Hoath (Editor), Fundamentals of Inkjet Printing: The Science of Inkjet and Droplets, ISBN: 978-3-527-33785-9, 472 pages, February 2016 (see chapters 2 and 3 for FLOW-3D results)

125-15   J. Berthier, K.A. Brakke, E.P. Furlani, I.H. Karampelas, V. Poher, D. Gosselin, M. Cubinzolles and P. Pouteau, Whole blood spontaneous capillary flow in narrow V-groove microchannels, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 206, pp. 258-267, 2015.

86-15   Yousub Lee and Dave F. Farson, Simulation of transport phenomena and melt pool shape for multiple layer additive manufacturing, J. Laser Appl. 28, 012006 (2016). doi: 10.2351/1.4935711, published online 2015.

77-15   Ho-Lin Tsai, Weng-Sing Hwang, Jhih-Kai Wang, Wen-Chih Peng and Shin-Hau Chen, Fabrication of Microdots Using Piezoelectric Dispensing Technique for Viscous Fluids, Materials 2015, 8(10), 7006-7016. doi: 10.3390/ma8105355

63-15   Scott Vader, Zachary Vader, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Edward P. Furlani, Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing, TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Washington, D.C., June 14-17, 2015

46-15   Adwaith Gupta, 3D Printing Multi-Material, Single Printhead Simulation, Advanced Qualification of Additive Manufacturing Materials Workshop, July 20 – 21, 2015, Santa Fe, NM

28-15   Yongqiang Li, Mingzhu Hu, Ling Liu, Yin-Yin Su, Li Duan, and Qi Kang, Study of Capillary Driven Flow in an Interior Corner of Rounded Wall Under MicrogravityMicrogravity Science and Technology, June 2015

20-15   Pamela J. Waterman, Diversity in Medical Simulation Applications, Desktop Engineering, May 2015, pp 22-26,

16-15   Saurabh Singh, Ann Junghans, Erik Watkins, Yash Kapoor, Ryan Toomey, and Jaroslaw Majewski, Effects of Fluid Shear Stress on Polyelectrolyte Multilayers by Neutron Scattering Studies, © 2015 American Chemical Society, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00037, Langmuir 2015, 31, 2870−2878, February 17, 2015

11-15   Cheng-Han Wu and Weng-Sing Hwang, The effect of process condition of the ink-jet printing process on the molten metallic droplet formation through the analysis of fluid propagation direction, Canadian Journal of Physics, 2015. doi: 10.1139/cjp-2014-0259

03-15 Hanchul Cho, Sivasubramanian Somu, Jin Young Lee, Hobin Jeong and Ahmed Busnaina, High-Rate Nanoscale Offset Printing Process Using Directed Assembly and Transfer of Nanomaterials, Adv. Materials, doi: 10.1002/adma.201404769, February 2015

122-14  Albert Chi, Sebastian Curi, Kevin Clayton, David Luciano, Kameron Klauber, Alfredo Alexander-Katz, Sebastián D’hers and Noel M Elman, Rapid Reconstitution Packages (RRPs) implemented by integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D printed microfluidics, Research Gate, doi: 10.1007/s13346-014-0198-7, July 2014

113-14 Cihan Yilmaz, Arif E. Cetin, Georgia Goutzamanidis, Jun Huang, Sivasubramanian Somu, Hatice Altug, Dongguang Wei and Ahmed Busnaina, Three-Dimensional Crystalline and Homogeneous Metallic Nanostructures Using Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles, 10.1021/nn500084g, © 2014 American Chemical Society, April 2014

110-14 Koushik Ponnuru, Jincheng Wu, Preeti Ashok, Emmanuel S. Tzanakakis and Edward P. Furlani, Analysis of Stem Cell Culture Performance in a Microcarrier Bioreactor System, Nanotech, Washington, D.C., June 15-18, 2014

109-14   Ioannis H. Karampelas, Young Hwa Kim and Edward P. Furlani, Numerical Analysis of Laser Induced Photothermal Effects using Colloidal Plasmonic Nanostructures, Nanotech, Washington, D.C., June 15-18, 2014

108-14   Chenxu Liu, Xiaozheng Xue and Edward P. Furlani, Numerical Analysis of Fully-Coupled Particle-Fluid Transport and Free-Flow Magnetophoretic Sorting in Microfluidic Systems, Nanotech, Washington, D.C., June 15-18, 2014

95-14   Cheng-Han Wu, Weng-Sing Hwang, The effect of the echo-time of a bipolar pulse waveform on molten metallic droplet formation by squeeze mode piezoelectric inkjet printing, Accepted November 2014, Microelectronics Reliability (2014) , © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

85-14   Sudhir Srivastava, Lattice Boltzmann method for contact line dynamics, ISBN: 978-90-386-3608-5, Copyright © 2014 S. Srivastava

61-14   Chenxu Liu, A Computational Model for Predicting Fully-Coupled Particle-Fluid Dynamics and Self-Assembly for Magnetic Particle Applications, Master’s Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo, 2014, 75 pages; 1561583, http://gradworks.umi.com/15/61/1561583.html

41-14 Albert Chi, Sebastian Curi, Kevin Clayton, David Luciano, Kameron Klauber, Alfredo Alexander-Katz, Sebastian D’hers, and Noel M. Elman, Rapid Reconstitution Packages (RRPs) implemented by integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D printed microfluidics, Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res., DOI 10.1007/s13346-014-0198-7, # Controlled Release Society 2014. Available for purchase online at SpringerLink.

21-14  Suk-Hee Park, Ung Hyun Koh, Mina Kim, Dong-Yol Yang, Kahp-Yang Suh and Jennifer Hyunjong Shin, Hierarchical multilayer assembly of an ordered nanofibrous scaffold via thermal fusion bonding, Biofabrication 6 (2014) 024107 (10pp), doi:10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/024107, IOP Publishing, 2014. Available for purchase online at IOP.

17-14   Vahid Bazargan, Effect of substrate cooling and droplet shape and composition on the droplet evaporation and the deposition of particles, Ph.D. Thesis: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, March 2014, © Vahid Bazargan, 2014

73-13  Oliver G. Harlen, J. Rafael Castrejón-Pita, and Arturo Castrejon-Pita, Asymmetric Detachment from Angled Nozzles Plates in Drop-on Demand Inkjet Printing, NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference, 2013 International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies. Pages 253-549, pp. 277-280(4)

63-13  Fatema Alali, Ioannis H. Karampelas, Young Hwa Kim, and Edward P. Furlani, Photonic and Thermofluidic Analysis of Colloidal Plasmonic Nanorings and Nanotori for Pulsed-Laser Photothermal ApplicationsJ. Phys. Chem. C, Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/jp406986y, Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society, September 2013.

25-13  Sudhir Srivastava, Theo Driessen, Roger Jeurissen, Herma Wijshoff, and Federico Toschi, Lattice Boltzmann Method to Study the Contraction of a Viscous Ligament, International Journal of Modern Physics © World Scientific Publishing Company, May 2013.

11-13  Li-Chieh Hsu, Yong-Jhih Chen, Jia-Huang Liou, Numerical Investigation in the Factors on the Pool Boiling, Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 311 (2013) pp 456-461, © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.311.456. Available for purchase online at Scientific.Net.

10-13 Pamela J. Waterman, CFD: Shaping the Medical World, Desktop Engineering, April 2013. Full article available online at Desktop Engineering.

90-12 Charles R. Ortloff and Martin Vogel, Spray Cooling Heat Transfer- Test and CFD Analysis, Electronics Cooling, June 2012. Available online at Electronics Cooling.

79-12    Daniel Parsaoran Siregar, Numerical simulation of evaporation and absorption of inkjet printed droplets, Ph.D. Thesis: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, September 18, 2012, Copyright 2012 by D.P. Siregar, ISBN: 978-90-386-3190-5.

71-12   Jong-hyeon Chang, Kyu-Dong Jung, Eunsung Lee, Minseog Choi, Seungwan Lee, and Woonbae Kim, Varifocal liquid lens based on microelectrofluidic technology, Optics Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 21, pp. 4377-4379 (2012) http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.37.004377

70-12   Jong-hyeon Chang, Kyu-Dong Jung, Eunsung Lee, Minseog Choi, and Seunwan Lee, Microelectrofluidic Iris for Variable ApertureProc. SPIE 8252, MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, 82520O (February 9, 2012); doi:10.1117/12.906587

69-12   Jong-hyeon Chang, Eunsung Lee, Kyu-Dong Jung, Seungwan Lee, Minseog Choi, and  Woonbae Kim, Microelectrofluidic Lens for Variable CurvatureProc. SPIE 8486, Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XIII, 84860X (October 11, 2012); doi:10.1117/12.925852.

61-12  Biddut Bhattacharjee, Study of Droplet Splitting in an Electrowetting Based Digital Microfluidic System, Thesis: Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Graduate Studies (Applied Sciences), The University of British Columbia, September 2012, © Biddut Bhattacharjee.

55-12 Hejun Li, Pengyun Wang, Lehua Qi, Hansong Zuo, Songyi Zhong, Xianghui Hou, 3D numerical simulation of successive deposition of uniform molten Al droplets on a moving substrate and experimental validation, Computational Materials Science, Volume 65, December 2012, Pages 291–301. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.

54-12   Edward P. Furlani, Anthony Nunez, Gianmarco Vizzeri, Modeling Fluid Structure-Interactions for Biomechanical Analysis of the Human Eye, Nanotech Conference & Expo, June 18-21, 2012, Santa Clara, CA.

53-12   Xinyun Wu, Richard D. Oleschuk and Natalie M. Cann, Characterization of microstructured fibre emitters in pursuit of improved nano electrospray ionization performance, The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012, http://pubs.rsc.org, DOI: 10.1039/c2an35249d, May 2012

25-12    Edward P. Furlani, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Qian Xie, Analysis of Pulsed Laser Plasmon-assisted Photothermal Heating and Bubble Generation at the Nanoscale, Lab on a Chip, 10.1039/C2LC40495H, Received 01 May 2012, Accepted 07 Jun 2012. First published on the web 13 Jun 2012.

22-12  R.A. Sultanov, D. Guster, Numerical Modeling and Simulations of Pulsatile Human Blood Flow in Different 3D-Geometries, Book chapter #21 in Fluid Dynamics, Computational Modeling and Applications (2012), ISBN: 978-953-51-0052-2, p. 475 [18 pages]. Available online at INTECH.

21-12  Guo-Wei Huang, Tzu-Yi Hung, and Chin-Tai Chen, Design, Simulation, and Verification of Fluidic Light-Guide Chips with Various Geometries of Micro Polymer Channels, NEMS 2012, Kyoto, Japan, March 5-8, 2012. Available for purchase online at IEEE.

103-11   Suk-Hee Park, Development of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds containing Electrospun Nanofibers and their Applications to Tissue Regeneration, Ph.D. Thesis: School of Mechanical, Aersospace and Systems Engineering, Division of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 2011.

81-11   Xinyun Wu, Modeling and Characterization of Microfabricated Emitters-In Pursuit of Improved ESI-MS Performance, thesis: Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, December 2011, Copyright © Xinyun Wu, 2011

79-11  Cong Lu, A Cell Preparation Stage for Automatic Cell Injection, thesis: Graduate Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Copyright © Cong Lu, 2011

77-11 Ge Bai, W. Thomas Leach, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) insights into agitation stress methods in biopharmaceutical development, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Available online 8 December 2011, ISSN 0378-5173, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.044. Available online at SciVerse.

72-11  M.R. Barkhudarov, C.W. Hirt, D. Milano, and G. Wei, Comments on a Comparison of CFD Software for Microfluidic Applications, Flow Science Technical Note #93, FSI-11-TN93, December 2011

45-11  Chang-Wei Kang, Jiak Kwang Tan, Lunsheng Pan, Cheng Yee Low and Ahmed Jaffar, Numerical and experimental investigations of splat geometric characteristics during oblique impact of plasma spraying, Applied Surface Science, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 20 July 2011, ISSN 0169-4332, DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.06.081. Available to purchase online at SciVers

33-11  Edward P. Furlani, Mark T. Swihart, Natalia Litchinitser, Christopher N. Delametter and Melissa Carter, Modeling Nanoscale Plasmon-assisted Bubble Nucleation and Applications, Nanotech Conference and Expo 2011, Boston, MA, June 13-16, 2011

32-11  Lu, Cong and Mills, James K., Three cell separation design for realizing automatic cell injection, Complex Medical Engineering (CME), 2011 IEEE/ICME, pp: 599 – 603, Harbin, China, 10.1109/ICCME.2011.5876811, June 2011. Available online at IEEEXplore.

25-11 Issam M. Bahadur, James K. Mills, Fluidic vacuum-based biological cell holding device with piezoelectrically induced vibration, Complex Medical Engineering (CME), 2011 IEEE/ICME International Conference on, 22-25 May 2011, pp: 85 – 90, Harbin, China. Available online at: IEEE Xplore.

14-11  Edward P. Furlani, Roshni Biswas, Alexander N. Cartwright and Natalia M. Litchinitser, Antiresonant guiding optofluidic biosensor, doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2011.04.014, Optics Communication, April 2011

05-11 Hyeju Eom and Keun Park, Integrated numerical analysis to evaluate replication characteristics of micro channels in a locally heated mold by selective induction, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 12, Number 1, 53-60, DOI: 10.1007/s12541-011-0007-x, 2011. Available online at: SpringerLink.

70-10  I.N. Volnov, V.S. Nagornyi, Modeling Processes for Generation of Streams of Monodispersed Fluid Droplets in Electro-inkjet Applications, Science and Technology News, St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 4, pp 294-300, 2010. In Russian.

62-10  F. Mobadersani, M. Eskandarzade, S. Azizi and S. Abbasnezhad, Effect of Ambient Pressure on Bubble Growth in Micro-Channel and Its Pumping Effect, ESDA2010-24436, pp. 577-584, doi:10.1115/ESDA2010-24436, ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA2010), Istanbul, Turkey, July 12–14, 2010. Available online at the ASME Digital Library.

58-10 Tsung-Yi Ho, Jun Zeng, and Chakrabarty, K, Digital microfluidic biochips: A vision for functional diversity and more than moore, Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), 2010 IEEE/ACM International Conference on, DOI: 10.1109/ICCAD.2010.5654199, © IEEE, November 2010. Available online at IEEE Explore.

51-10  Regina Bleul, Marion Ritzi-Lehnert, Julian Höth, Nico Scharpfenecker, Ines Frese, Dominik Düchs, Sabine Brunklaus, Thomas E. Hansen-Hagge, Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes, Klaus S. Drese, Compact, cost-efficient microfluidics-based stopped-flow device, Anal Bioanal Chem, DOI 10.1007/s00216-010-4446-5, Available online at Springer, November 2010

22-10    Krishendu Chakrabarty, Richard B. Fair and Jun Zeng, Design Tools for Digital Microfluidic Biochips Toward Functional Diversification and More than Moore, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 29, No. 7, July 2010

14-10 E. P. Furlani and M. S. Hanchak, Nonlinear analysis of the deformation and breakup of viscous microjets using the method of lines, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (2010), © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Published online in Wiley InterScience. DOI: 10.1002/fld.2205

55-09 R.A. Sultanov, and D. Guster, Computer simulations of  pulsatile human blood flow through 3D models of the human aortic arch, vessels of simple geometry and a bifurcated artery, Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS (Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society), Minneapolis, September 2-6, 2009, p.p. 4704-4710.

30-09 Anurag Chandorkar and Shayan Palit, Simulation of Droplet Dynamics and Mixing in Microfluidic Devices using a VOF-Based Method, Sensors & Transducers journal, ISSN 1726-5479 © 2009 by IFSA, Vol.7, Special Issue “MEMS: From Micro Devices to Wireless Systems,” October 2009, pp. 136-149.

13-09 E.P. Furlani, M.C. Carter, Analysis of an Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Drop Ejector, Presented at Nanotech Conference & Expo 2009, Houston, Texas, USA, May 3-7, 2009

12-09 A. Chandorkar, S. Palit, Simulation of Droplet-Based Microfluidics Devices Using a Volume-of-Fluid Approach, Presented at Nanotech Conference & Expo 2009, Houston, Texas, USA, May 3-7, 2009

3-09 Christopher N. Delametter, FLOW-3D Speeds MEMS Inkjet Development, Desktop Engineering, January 2009

42-08  Tien-Li Chang, Jung-Chang Wang, Chun-Chi Chen, Ya-Wei Lee, Ta-Hsin Chou, A non-fluorine mold release agent for Ni stamp in nanoimprint process, Microelectronic Engineering 85 (2008) 1608–1612

26-08 Pamela J. Waterman, First-Pass CFD Analyses – Part 2, Desktop Engineering, November 2008

09-08 M. Ren and H. Wijshoff, Thermal effect on the penetration of an ink droplet onto a porous medium, Proc. Eurotherm2008 MNH, 1 (2008)

04-08 Delametter, Christopher N., MEMS development in less than half the time, Small Times, Online Edition, May 2008

02-08 Renat A. Sultanov, Dennis Guster, Brent Engelbrekt and Richard Blankenbecler, 3D Computer Simulations of Pulsatile Human Blood Flows in Vessels and in the Aortic Arch – Investigation of Non-Newtonian Characteristics of Human Blood, The Journal of Computational Physics, arXiv:0802.2362v1 [physics.comp-ph], February 2008

01-08 Herman Wijshoff, thesis: University of Twente, Structure- and fluid dynamics in piezo inkjet printheads, ISBN 978-90-365-2582-4, Venlo, The Netherlands January 2008.

30-07 A. K. Sen, J. Darabi, and D. R. Knapp, Simulation and parametric study of a novel multi-spray emitter for ESI–MS applications, Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, Volume 3, Number 3, June 2007, pp. 283-298(16)

28-07 Dan Soltman and Vivek Subramanian, Inkjet-Printed Line Morphologies and Temperature Control of the Coffee Ring Effect, Langmuir; 2008; ASAP Web Release Date: 16-Jan-2008; (Research Article) DOI: 10.1021/la7026847

23-07 A K Sen and J Darabi, Droplet ejection performance of a monolithic thermal inkjet print head, Journal of Micromechanical and Microengineering,vol.17, pp.1420-1427 (2007) doi:10.1088/0960-1317/17/8/002; Abstract only.

18-07 Herman Wisjhoff, Better Printheads Via Simulation, Desktop Engineering, October 2007, Vol. 13, Issue 2

17-07 Jos de Jong, Ph.D. Thesis: University of Twente, Air entrapment in piezo inkjet printing, ISBN 978-90-365-2483-4, April 2007

15-07 Krishnendu Chakrabarty and Jun Zeng, (Ed.), Design Automation Methods and Tools for Microfluidics-Based Biochips, Springer, September 2006.

14-07 Fei Su and Jun Zeng, Computer-aided design and test for digital microfluidics, IEEE Design & Test of Computers, 24(1), 2007, 60-70.

13-07 Jun Zeng, Modeling and simulation of electrified droplets and its application to computer-aided design of digital microfluidics, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 25(2), 2006, 224-233.

12-07 Krishnendu Chakrabarty and Jun Zeng, (2005), Automated top-down design for microfluidic biochips, ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 1(3), 2005, 186–223.

01-07 Wijshoff, Herman, Drop formation mechanisms in piezo-acoustic inkjet, NSTI-Nanotech 2007, ISBN 1420061844 Vol. 3, 2007)

23-06 John J. Uebbing, Stephan Hengstler, Dale Schroeder, Shalini Venkatesh, and Rick Haven, Heat and Fluid Flow in an Optical Switch Bubble, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 15, No. 6, December 2006

21-06 Wijshoff, Herman, Manipulating Drop Formation in Piezo Acoustic Inkjet, Proc. IS&T’s NIP22, 79 (2006)

20-06 J. de Jong, H. Reinten, M. van den Berg, H. Wijshoff, M. Versluis, G. de Bruin, A. Prosperetti and D. Lohse, Air entrapment in piezo-driven inkjet printheads, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120(3), 1257 (2006)

11-06 A. K. Sen, J. Darabi, D. R. Knapp and J. Liu, Modeling and Characterization of a Carbon Fiber Emitter for Electrospray Ionization, 1 MEMS and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, 2 Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC

5-06 E. P. Furlani, B. G. Price, G. Hawkins, and A. G. Lopez, Thermally Induced Marangoni Instability of Liquid Microjets with Application to Continuous Inkjet Printing, Proceedings of NSTI Nanotech Conference 2006, Vol. 2, pp 534-537.

28-05 O B Fawehinmi, P H Gaskell, P K Jimack, N Kapur, and H M Thompson, A combined experimental and computational fluid dynamics analysis of the dynamics of drop formation, May 2005. DOI: 10.1243/095440605X31788

5-05 E. P. Furlani, Thermal Modulation and Instability of Newtonian Liquid Microjets, presented at Nanotech 2005, Anaheim, CA, May 8-12, 2005.

1-05 C.W. Hirt, Electro-Hydrodynamics of Semi-Conductive Fluids: With Application to Electro-Spraying, Flow Science Technical Note #70, FSI-05-TN70

19-04 G. F. Yao, Modeling of Electroosmosis Without Resolving Physics Inside a Electric Double Layer, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-04-TN69)

12-04 Jun Zeng and Tom Korsmeyer, Principles of Droplet Electrohydrodynamics for Lab-on-a-Chip, Lab. Chip. Journal, 2004, 4(4), 265-277

9-04 Constantine N. Anagnostopoulos, James M. Chwalek, Christopher N. Delametter, Gilbert A. Hawkins, David L. Jeanmaire, John A. Lebens, Ali Lopez, and David P. Trauernicht, Micro-Jet Nozzle Array for Precise Droplet Metering and Steering Having Increased Droplet Deflection, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Solid State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, sponsored by IEEE, Boston, June 8-12, 2003, pp. 368-71

8-04 Christopher N. Delametter, David P. Trauernicht, James M. Chwalek, Novel Microfluidic Jet Deflection – Significant Modeling Challenge with Great Application Potential, Technical Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems sponsored by NSTI, San Juan, Puerto Rico, April 21-25, 2002, pp. 44-47

6-04 D. Vadillo*, G. Desie**, A Soucemarianadin*, Spreading Behavior of Single and Multiple Drops, *Laboratoire des Ecoulements Geophysiques et Industriels (LEGI), and **AGFA-Gevaert Group N.V., XXI ICTAM, 15-21 August 2004, Warsaw, Poland

2-04 Herman Wijshoff, Free Surface Flow and Acousto-Elastic Interaction in Piezo Inkjet, Nanotech 2004, sponsored by the Nano Science & Technology Institute, Boston, MA, March 2004

30-03 D Souders, I Khan and GF Yao, Alessandro Incognito, and Matteo Corrado, A Numerical Model for Simulation of Combined Electroosmotic and Pressure Driven Flow in Microdevices, 7th International Symposium on Fluid Control, Measurement and Visualization

27-03 Jun Zeng, Daniel Sobek and Tom Korsmeyer, Electro-Hydrodynamic Modeling of Electrospray Ionization – CAD for a µFluidic Device-Mass Spectrometer Interface, Agilent Technologies Inc, paper presented at Transducers 2003, June 03 Boston (note: Reference #10 is to FLOW-3D)

17-03 John Uebbing, Switching Fiber-optic Circuits with Microscopic Bubbles, Sensors Magazine, May 2003, Vol 20, No 5, p 36-42

16-03 CFD Speeds Development of MEMS-based Printing Technology, MicroNano Magazine, June 2003, Vol 8, No 6, p 16

3-03 Simulation Speeds Design of Microfluidic Medical Devices, R&D Magazine, March 2003, pp 18-19

1-03 Simulations Help Microscopic Bubbles Switch Fiber-Optic Circuits, Agilent Technologies, Fiberoptic Product News, January 2003, pp 22-23

27-02 Feng, James Q., A General Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Drop Ejection in Drop-on-Demand Ink Jet Devices, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology®, Volume 46, Number 5, September/October 2002

1-02 Feixia Pan, Joel Kubby, and Jingkuang Chen, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Structure Interaction in a MEMS Diaphragm Drop Ejector, Xerox Wilson Research Center, Institute of Physics Publishing, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 12 (2002), PII: SO960-1317(02)27439-2, pp. 70-76

48-01   Rainer Gruber, Radial Mass Transfer Enhancement in Bubble-Train Flow, PhD thesis in Engineering Sciences, Rheinisch- Westf alischen Technische Hochschule Aachen, December 2001.

34-01 Furlani, E.P., Delametter, C.N., Chwalek, J.M., and Trauernicht, D., Surface Tension Induced Instability of Viscous Liquid Jets, Fourth International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, April 2001

12-01 C. N. Delametter, Eastman Kodak Company, Micro Resolution, Mechanical Engineering, Col 123/No 7, July 2001, pp 70-72

11-01 C. N. Delametter, Eastman Kodak Company, Surface Tension Induced Instability of Viscous Liquid Jets, Technical Proceeding of the Fourth International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, April 2001

9-01 Aman Khan, Unipath Limited Research and Development, Effects of Reynolds Number on Surface Rolling in Small Drops, PVP-Col 431, Emerging Technologies for Fluids, Structures and Fluids, Structures and Fluid Structure Interaction — 2001

2-00 Narayan V. Deshpande, Significance of Inertance and Resistance in Fluidics of Thermal Ink-Jet Transducers, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, Volume 40, Number 5, Sept./Oct. 1996, pp.457-461

4-98 D. Deitz, Connecting the Dots with CFD, Mechanical Engineering Magazine, pp. 90-91, March 1998

14-94 M. P. O’Hare, N. V. Deshpande, and D. J. Drake, Drop Generation Processes in TIJ Printheads, Xerox Corporation, Adv. Imaging Business Unit, IS&T’s Tenth International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing, Tech. 1994

14-92 Asai, A.,Three-Dimensional Calculation of Bubble Growth and Drop Ejection in a Bubble Jet Printer, Journal of Fluids Engineering Vol. 114 December 1992:638-641